商会

 中国商会博物馆解说词

                       

    第一室   概述

欢迎各位光临中国唯一、世界仅有的商会博物馆。

 中国商会博物馆在原平遥商会旧址创办。光绪七年(1881),祁县渠源潮先生在这里开办了汇源涌票号。宣统三年(1911),平遥商会买过来作会所。1949年平遥商会改组为平遥工商联。2002年创办中国商会博物馆。全国政协原副主席、全国工商联原主席经叔平先生亲笔题写了馆名。                        

 1840年的鸦片战争,中国沦入半殖民半封建社会。随着帝国主义军事侵略、文化浸入的是商品强行输入。中国工商界奋起反抗,在剧烈的中外“商战”中,中国商会应运而生,并迅速发展为清末民初最有影响力的经济性组织和最有生命力的新兴社会团体。中国商会博物馆以丰富翔实的史料和实物,真实再现商会激荡风云的历史和在推进近现代中国经济现代化、政治民主化、民族独立化的历史进程中所发挥的重大而独特作用。也为规范市场经济、发展工商组织、锻造企业家队伍提供生机无限的借鉴。这边的四幅老照片真实地反映了这一作用。这是清宣统二年(1910)美国太平洋沿岸商会代表团参观汉阳铁厂和广州商务总会接待他们的照片。这是各省商会联合会事务所成立纪念照和全国商会联合会关税问题临时大会照。图腾屏用红木镂空雕刻,总体构划是“二龙戏珠”,两边为两条大龙,两龙之间有蝙蝠衔接,取“福”字谐音,意为“双龙携福”,圆内有龙、凤、麒麟、乌龟,寓意“龙凤呈祥、麒麟送宝、富贵长久”。整座屏构思精妙、工艺精巧,有较高的文化艺术价值。也表达了商人对美好生活的向往与追求。

 请进第二室

    中国最早的商人组织称“行会”,隋唐时实行“坊市制”,宋代称“团”,明代中叶有了商帮,商帮集资在他乡建立“商人会馆”。他的作用:一是聚集同乡形成合力,在当地占有一定位置,以维护自身利益;二是商定章约规范经营,维护买卖双方利益,建立社会信誉。三是崇义善举,帮扶同乡排忧解难也捐助所在地社会公益。四是按故乡习俗,举办各种祭祀娱乐活动。河南社旗山陕会馆和山东聊城山陕会馆采用了中轴对称模式的传统建筑风格,是国家级文物保护单位。北京湖广会馆体现了两湖主楼高敞、偏院曲折、厅堂隐蔽、厅景精雅的文化特色和《周易》“天人合一”的思想,民国元年,孙中山先生在这里改组了同盟会,建立了国民党。会馆之后是公所,公所在成员构成和服务功能方面同于会馆,差别在于同籍商人在他乡建立的一般称“会馆”,同业商人成立的一般为“公所”。会馆与公所的成立,在很大程度上维护了商人利益,发展了社会经济,但它带有封建行会的狭隘性。只有商会的产生,中国商人的组织才进入全新的现代组织时代。

 这是落地整容镜,无论你站的远近,都能照出你的全身。商会要求会员不仅要品行端正、操守商德,也要衣冠整洁、仪容大方。

    请上二楼第三室

    光绪二十一年(1895),郑观应、康有为等力图变法的爱国绅商知识分子,上奏朝廷设立商会。光绪二十二年(1896),晚清状元、中国早期现代化先驱、南通绅商张謇写了《商会论》,论述设立商会的必要性、组织方式及功能。光绪二十四年(1898),光绪帝发布上谕:“明定国是,决定变法,推行新政”。命“试办商务局、商会,出版商报”。光绪二十八年(1902)初春,中英商约谈判在上海开议,谈判一开始中方就陷入被动。这除了清政府的战败国地位外,还有一个很重要的原因,就是当时英国商会在谈判开始前就做了大量准备,而中国既没有本国商会做咨询,也没有商会法规做依据。有鉴于此,盛宣怀令当时的上海道袁树勋会同著名绅商严信厚等在短期内组建商会。这样,中国的第一个商会组织——上海商业会议公所才成立严信厚任总理。严信厚,字筱舫浙江慈溪人,在天津、上海等地开设多个号、庄、厂、公司。还捐资修建塘沽铁路、宁波铁路等公共设施是创办中国商会之阁学。

 光绪二十九年(1903年初),清政府设置商部,专理全国商政,颁布《商会简明章程》。随之,上海商业会议公所依改组为上海商务总会,天津、山东、河南、湖南、汉口、南京、奉天、厦门等商业会议公所也改组为商务总会。到清末,全国省、县、乡镇商会总数达834个。商会是一种开放性组织,凡是在本地经商办厂的各业商人,只要照章履行手续、缴纳会费、承担义务,都可以入会。商会的会员分为两种,一种是会员,由入会的各业行帮和企业所推举的代表构成;另一种是会友,由入会各业行帮和企业的全体成员,以及捐纳会费不足会员标准的行帮和个人组成。商会有严密的组织领导体制,的最高权力机构是会员大会。会员大会一般每年举行1—2次,根据需要也举行临时特会。会员大会选举会董,会董会议在会董中选举会长、副会长。会长、副会长主持会务。会董会议是商会的最高日常领导机构。会董依分工,带领庶务、会计、文牍、公断、商校、商报、商团等机构依照规章处理日常事务。

 请到第四室  商会在民国时期的发展。

 晚清时期商会支持辛亥革命、推翻帝制,建立民国。工商界的经济和政治活动日益跨出本省(市)范围,如创办银行、保险、铁路、矿冶等大型企业;如收回利权、抵制美货、制定商法、接待外国商会代表团等重大运动及活动,都急需组织全国型的商会组织。光绪三十三年(1907),全国商会商法讨论会议议筹全国商会联合会。民国元年(1912年),45个商会议决筹备成立中华全国商会联合会设本部于北京,以上海总商会为总事务所,各省各侨埠设立分事务所。民国三年(1914年),第一次全国商会代表大会在上海举行,正式宣告中华全国商会联合会成立。大会通过了章程,讨论了重大商务,选举出领导机构。周金箴当选为首任会长。刚刚成立的全国商联会就与袁世凯专制主义展开了取消与反取消的斗争,民国四年(1915年),全国商会临时代表大会在上海举行,逼使北洋政府修改商会法。规定“总商会、商会得联合组织全国商会联合会。全国商会联合会得设立总事务所”,中华全国商会联合会成为合法的全国性工商界团体。从“组织网络内外系统图”可以看出全国商联会组织的整体性、严密性和社会性。从“历次代表大会的主题”,可以看出全国商联会在创办实业、兴办教育、提倡国货、参与国是、抵制“二十一条”、支持五四运动、力争收回关税主权等重大问题上的立场和作用。

第五、六室介绍的是商会功能。

 商会的功能主要发挥在四个方面。

一是经济功能,也是商会的基本功能:自觉管理商界事务,全力推动经济发展。商会联络商家,调查、汇综、上报、发布商情。核发营业执照,审核商标、专利,评颁获奖产品,组织商品展销。调处、裁判商事纠纷,维护市场秩序。集资筹组银行、矿冶、制造、铁路、码头等工商企业。这是北平商会发给顾西平的营业执照。这是《上海市各业同业公会理监事名录》。

二是参政功能。随着经济活动的扩展,商会功能延伸到了政治、文化等领域。商会参与商律商政制定,追求政治民主建设。代表商界整体利益,反映商情民意,沟通商界与政府、与社会的关系。召开年会、临会、特会,议定商法、商税、商约。插足立宪运动,参加国会请愿,反对专制独裁,推进政治民主。(注:離德永護。離,立,同音字,離德,立德。树立、遵守、光大道德风尚,永远维护社会民众利益。)

三是文化功能。商会创办商校商报,弘扬商会文化。为了工商业发展,民族振兴,为了加强信息传递,促进社会认同而创办商校、商报。从这张统计表可看出当时创办的商校,有初等、中等和高等工商专业学校,有商业补习学校,有商务传习所、工商函授学校、商业夜校等。这是天津商会创办商校、商报的奏折。这是重庆总商会的会报。商会还建议清廷派学生出国留学。

四是护国功能。商会捍卫国家主权,维护民族独立。商会宣传实业救国,提倡使用国货。先后领导发起抵制美货、抵制日货运动。1915年,积极参与抵制丧权辱国的“二十一条”的斗争。1919年采取通电、请愿、罢市等抗议形式,支援学生,支持“五四”运动。1926年举行大会争取关税自主。关税是一个国家商务主权的象征,由此我们可以想到商会的历史地位和重大作用。商会还尝试商人政府,参与城乡建设管理、慈善赈济等事业。

上面这块“护国扶商”既是对商会功能的高度概括,更是商会宗旨备注:护国扶商,原题名已无查考,这是2002年开馆时,由平遥书法家冀有贵先生书写,宋吉林先生刻制。)

请看这组清代精美石雕。石元宝是财富的象征。商会是物质财富和精神财富都富有的,当时社会上流传着“穷衙门富商会,穷警察富商会”,足见其物质富有;刚才讲的商会功能,更见其精神富有。东西这对石雕是二门石,东面是雄狮背绣球,好运年年有,西面是狮妈背狮娃,天天笑哈哈,勾勒的是和谐幸福。下面雕有麒麟送子,牛背读书、香炉、茶壶等,隐寓着中华民族耕读传家,崇尚文化的传统观念。再看这八狮花座石,周围有八只神态各异的狮子,取“狮”的谐音,意为时时平安、事事如意。廊下是轿车和太平车,东面的轿车用马拉,相当于现在的高档小汽车,会长外出乘坐。西面的太平车用牛拉,相当于现在的重型卡车,是运输货物的。

    第七室   关帝堂

 富贵屏,一般陈设于厅堂,中间是“三官”、“百子”图。三官是福、禄、寿三星,人们常说“三星高照”;百子是多子多福。两边雕有十八罗汉,十八罗汉保平安。这都是对宾客、对主人的美好祝福。里间是会长办公室,里面的紫檀藤床,是过去最为名贵的家具之一,具有冬暖夏凉、除湿隔潮等优点。无论会馆还是商会,一般要供奉关圣帝。因为他既是忠、义、仁、勇、烈的化身,又是武财神。(中国的神大致可分为两种:一种是人造的,如玉皇大帝;另一种是人变的,如关羽。由人变成神至少要有两个先决条件:一是巨大的人格魅力,二是有口皆碑的丰功伟绩。关羽正是这样。关羽是我们山西解州人,《三国演义》等描述了他诛文丑杀颜良、温酒斩华雄、千里走单骑、单刀赴会、水淹七军的赫赫战功和威震华夏的声势)这尊关圣帝像是中国工艺美术大师薛生金先生敬作。无论你在那个位置,关圣帝都关顾保佑着你。“汉封侯宋封王明封大帝,儒称圣释称佛道称天尊”,这幅对联是历朝历代、各学派教派对关帝功绩的高度评价。(备注:历史上前后有16位皇帝、23次为关羽颁旨加封,且一个比一个高。公元260年,汉蜀后主刘禅封为侯。1108年,宋徽宗封为“义勇武安王”。1612年,明神宗封为“关圣帝君”。清顺治、雍正、乾隆、道光、光绪诸帝就封的更高了。更重要的是儒、佛、道三教并尊,士、农、工、商同拜。据统计,有100多种职业拜关羽为“祖师爷”或“保护神”,几乎成了全民崇拜的“万能之神”。)八股阁是过去摆放工艺物品的,里边的瓷器多数是明清时期的,具有较高的文化艺术价值。

这是商团武器。商团是商会为了维护商人利益和市场秩序而组建的。武昌起义爆发后,各地商会支持推翻封建帝制。武汉、上海等商会领导商团协同革命军作战,消灭了负隅顽抗的清军。还组织物资、巡逻街道、接管车站、守卫重点单位,协助军政府安定市面,维护社会秩序。)

第八室   山西总商会  平遥商务分会

    山西总商会成立于清光绪三十年(1904年),时任山西巡抚张曾敫致信太谷三多堂曹润堂筹办山西总商会。曹润堂总办筹备事务,并推荐武炳沛出任会长。会址设在太谷县城内南寺街,由祁、平、谷三县绅商负责处理日常事宜。民国元年,山西总商会由太谷迁往太原,迁移原因:一是山西近代工商业重心由祁、平、谷转移到了太原;二是正太铁路建成通车。山西商会存续几十年,对山西近代工商业发展,对民族资产阶级成长,对社会变革起了很大的促进作用。

 平遥在明清时期是商业发达重镇,平遥商会也就具有一定的代表性。平遥商会成立光绪三十四年(1908),租借南大街协同庆庶理商务。宣统三年(1911),买了这个汇源涌票号作会所,内设庶务、文牍、会计等室,还附设商校、商团。不仅管理着日升昌等票号商铺,还直管着城中市楼和财神庙。这是平遥商会和天津商会清理日升昌票号债务办法函。平遥商会在推进经济社会发展,保护古城等方面发挥了重大而特殊的作用。历任会长是出类拔萃的商界领袖。辛亥革命期间,十四家票号受损,首任会长范元澍,联合祁、谷会长赴京公恳,挽救汇业,受到国务总理熊希龄的接见。此后,熊希龄委派他为组建国家银行选荐人才。宋梦槐会长智退卢永祥部,在这中二楼上与日寇谈判周旋,避免了平遥古城被血洗的厄运,才有了保存完好的世界文化遗产。巩光华会长奉公主持,协调各方关系,深受众商拥戴。范椿年会长多年供职金融业,兼任省总商会理事,撰写了《山西票号之组织及沿革》。王汝恩会长创办面粉公司和电灯公司,开创了平遥新型工商业还在这后院出资创办商校,提高了商界素质。这是王汝恩会长签发的营业执照。田仲堉会长团结众商,抵制杂税,商界称赞“维护同业”。赵林山会长兼任省商联会监事,积极支持抗日斗争。王象虎会长审时度势,维持会务,力排艰难,积极筹组商会改组为工商联。这是平遥商会监制的秤。这是宋梦槐会长为庆祝平遥商会成立赠送的对镜。

    第九室   商会议事厅

   商会议事厅是商会研究、议决重大问题的场所。中间是商会博物馆的馆徽,篆体“商”字,既饱含商业悠久历史,又体现商人智慧;周围的“草龙”,既是民族图腾,又显示商会是社会团体。“商会议事要则”对会议主持、决定、执行、监督等做了严格规定;“会场议事规则”对发言时必须起立、内容必须简洁明了、两人不得同时发言、同一议案发言不得超过3次、每次发言不得超过5分钟等也做了明确规定。“要则”和“规则”彰显商会行事严明、风清气正。红木雕龙文件柜,显示了商会因经费充裕富有而设施豪华气派。合桌,由两个半圆形桌子组成,平时分开使用,在对账无误、洽谈成功时,合起来吃饭,寓意合作圆满成功。

    第十室   中国商会走向世界

 中国商会走向世界是从中国商会与外国商会交往开始的。宣统二年(1910)美国、日本两个商会代表团先后来华,访问了上海、苏州、南京、武汉、北京、天津、烟台、福州、广州等城市,历时四十余天。其间,中美双方积极筹议创办中美联合银行、设立中美交通轮船公司、筹建中美货品陈列所、互派中美商务调查员等合作项。中国商人与外国商人正式合资开办企业,可以说是由此开始的。这五幅照片就是当时的记载。1915年中国商会代表团应邀赴美,先后访问了旧金山等26个城市,参观商店、农场、学校各不下数十个。继续商讨了中美商会合作事项迈开了中国商会走向世界的第一步。1922年上海总商会组团,以中国商会代表团名义应邀出席太平洋商业会议。1925年,上海总商会举行招待会,欢迎各国代表来华参加关税会议。1926年上海总商会应邀访问日本。随着中外商会交往的不断推进,19312月,国际商会中国分会成立。同年5,中国商会正式加入国际商会。国际商会是1920年6月在巴黎宣告成立的,是世界各国之间的经济协调组织。其宗旨是促进国际贸易、服务和投资,促进各国经济增长和世界经济发展,增进各国商会间的友谊,维护世界和平。中国商会加入国际商会向国际工商界展示了自己的风貌,表达了自己的要求与愿望,增进了相互之间的了解,对中国工商业的发展和对外贸易的拓展,产生了积极影响。这是1929年7月国际商会阿姆斯得达姆会议美、英、法、日驻沪商会的议案。案叙中国法权、贸易、关税等事项。这是清代各国君民官兵商旗图,含39个国家。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

    世界上最早的商会是1599年成立的法国马赛商会。法国、英国、美国、日本、德国、意大利等商会是成立较早、影响较大的外国商会。据统计1923年时,各国在华设立的商会有61个。

    第十一室   商会改组为工商业联合会

    1949年8月,中共中央发出《关于组织工商业联合会的指示》,各省市积极组建筹委会、召开第一次工商界代表大会。商会改组为工商联,成为重要的人民团体,同时组建了中国国际贸易促进委员会。工商联遵守《共同纲领》,拥护社会主义革命和建设,积极缴税,积极参加土地改革,积极支援抗美援朝,积极投入公私合营,积极参加兴修水库、公路等。党和国家始终关怀工商联的健康发展,党和国家领导人多次接见各民主党派、工商联负责人。与各民主党派、工商联长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共。1991年7月,中共中央对工商联工作做出重大调整,指出工商联是在党领导下具有统战性、经济性、民间性的人民团体,是党和政府联系非公有制经济人士的桥梁和纽带。随之,各级工商联复建商会组织,积极参政议政、积极投入中外合作,积极参加经济社会建设,在社会主义现代化事业中又发挥了重大而独特的作用。2015年12月,习近平总书记走访各民主党派中央和全国工商联时强调:“工商联要以转变经济发展方式为主线促进非公有制经济健康发展,以培养合格中国特色社会主义事业建设者为目标引导非公有制经济人士健康成长”工商联的健康发展进入新阶段。

    我馆始终奉行“独树一帜、追求卓越”的宗旨,开馆以来,一直为规范市场经济、发展工商组织、锻造企业家队伍提供生机无限的借鉴,受到社会各界的关注和肯定。中宣部原部长朱厚泽来馆考察时说:“这个馆好,能教育人……”。德国工商总会驻北京首席代表鲁玉棠女士莅馆考察时非常高兴地说:“贵馆是我见到的最好的工商博物馆……,我们期待着德国工商会博物馆的出现。”

  主题文化厅

    这里是我们馆的主题文化厅。

主题文化是处于核心、主导、统领地位的文化,是博物馆的灵魂和生命。中国商会博物馆的主题文化是:以中国商会历史和功能为主轴,准确、生动地再现其波澜壮阔的历史,展示其在推进近现代中国经济现代化、政治民主化、民族独立化的历史进程中所发挥的重大而独特的作用。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

这是2003年1月,我们馆举行中外专家学者陈展论证会,确定以商会历史和功能为主轴陈展,并确认我馆为中国唯一、世界仅有的商会博物馆。这是中国私营企业协会保育钧会长与我馆李贵宝董事长交谈照。这是德国工商总会北京代表处首席代表鲁玉棠女士与我馆来万生馆长交谈照。

这组书画介绍的是创设中国商会的先觉们。郑观应、康有为在光绪二十一年(1895),上奏朝廷设立商会。张謇在光绪二十二年(1896),写了《商会论》。光绪皇帝在二十四年(1898)谕旨:“明定国是,决定变法,推行新政”。命“试办商务局、商会,出版商报”。这是光绪二十八年(1902)初春,中英商约谈判的中方代表盛宣怀。这是中国第一个商会组织---上海商业会议公所总理严信厚。这是民国三年(1914)成立的,中华全国商会联合会首任会长周金箴。两边的书法作品分别书写的是中国商会的历史、地位、功能和作用。这是2004年9月,我馆与华中师大、天津社科院、山西大学联合举办了“商会与近现代中国国际学术研讨会的照片。这边是成立最早、具有代表性的上海、汉口、广州、奉天、厦门等总商会会所和驻天津的外国商会会所。两边的书法作品分别书写的是中国商会博物馆的地位、宗旨、作用和社会影响。

  我的讲解到此结束。

                                  

                                2018.01.15

   

 

 


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