百川通晋商家俬博物馆

百川通第一院

    1首先欢迎大家来到百川通晋商家俬博物馆，他坐落于古城内南大街109号是依托百川通票号旧址宅院综合展现了中国古代家具发现历史及明清家具晋商家具的整体风貌。了解到百川通大致背景后，我们转入正题，说到家具可能各位比我了解的知识还要多，全当我在各位面前抛砖引玉吧。
  时间流传到现在，明代以前的中国古家具已经是凤毛麟角让我们顺着历史的时代先对古代家具有个大致了解吧。

First of all, welcome to Baichuan Tongjin merchant furniture museum, which is located at 109 South Street in the ancient city. Relying on the former residence of Baichuan tongpiao, it comprehensively shows the discovery history of ancient Chinese furniture and the overall style of furniture of Shanxi Merchants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After knowing the general background of baichuantong, we turn to the subject. When it comes to furniture, you may know more than I do. Let me throw a brick in front of you to attract jade.

Time has spread to the present. Chinese ancient furniture before the Ming Dynasty is rare. Let's have a general understanding of ancient furniture along the historical era.

第一展室
 1.中国古代家具历史悠久源远流长，人类自远古时代的洞穴生活开始，为了避寒暑隔潮湿便知道用茅草、树叶或兽皮为席，以树椿、石块做墩dun，形成最初的原始家具雏形。
  这里所看到的这张彩图是浙江余姚河姆渡遗址所出土的一块芦苇残片，是采用二经二纬的编织法编成，当时的居民可能用苇席铺在干阑建筑的房屋地上，河姆渡氏族居民生活在温湿多水的湖沼地带当时该地也生长着茂密的芦苇为河姆渡氏族编织苇席提供了充足的原料。
 2.夏商时期家具乃是我国古代家具的初始时期，其造型纹饰原始古拙质朴浑厚，这一时期家具有青铜家具，石质家具和漆木镶嵌qian蚌bang壳装饰，可是开后世漆木螺钿tian嵌家具之先河。
  这件漆纍lei表层是用彩绘和镶嵌的图案花纹，它线条流畅还附加有鸟兽图案其工艺之精，形态之美，在同时期出土的漆器中十分突出是我国早期漆器中一件罕见的精品。
  《三联甗》yan甗是古人用来蒸煮食物的一种炊具，甗的下部为鬲li是一种具有肥大袋足的盛水器。妇好墓三联甗体积巨大，气魄恢宏是前所未见的将三个甗联合在一起的殷商巨型青铜器。
 3.春秋战国时期的家具以造型简练浪漫神奇的图案为主题，以楚式漆木家具为典型代表，主要源头，各式的漆几，漆案，还有楚式小座屏。
  这边看到的是透雕彩漆小座屏，它的底座两端着地，中悬如桥上面的屏是采用透雕，浮雕，镂刻的手法，雕有凤，鸟，鹿，蛙，蛇等动物形象五十五个，互相争斗的场景，这件屏以黑漆为底，用朱，灰缘，金银等绘了羽毛和各种花纹，外框彩绘有变形的凤鸟纹，它是一件髹xiu漆，木雕相结合的工艺精品，也是国内的孤品。
  铜俎zu，俎是古代切肉用的几案，是重要的礼器，它类似小桌子，平面是长方形，而下面凹成马鞍形，四条腿宽而扁并向外撇，从而显得比较稳固而便于盛载和切割牲肉。
 4.秦汉时期，中国封建社会进入到第一个鼎盛时期，整个时期家具工艺有了长足的发展，而各种玉制，竹制和陶质家具形成了供席地起居完整组合的家具系列，是中国低矮型家具的代表时期。

First exhibition room

1. Ancient Chinese furniture has a long history. Since the cave life in ancient times, human beings have known to use thatch, leaves or animal skins as mats and tree Toons and stones as piers Dun to form the original prototype of original furniture in order to avoid cold, summer and humidity.

The color picture seen here is a fragment of reed unearthed from Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. It is woven by two warp and two weft weaving method. At that time, residents may have laid reed mats on the ground of Ganlan buildings, Hemudu clan residents lived in the warm, wet and watery Lake area. At that time, dense reeds also grew there, which provided sufficient raw materials for Hemudu clan to weave reed mats.

2. Furniture in the Xia and Shang Dynasties was the initial period of ancient furniture in China. Its modeling and decoration were primitive, primitive, simple and thick. The furniture in this period was decorated with bronze furniture, stone furniture and lacquer wood inlaid Qian Beng Bang shell, which was the first of lacquer wood pearl inlaid furniture in later generations.

The lacquer Lei surface is painted and inlaid with patterns and patterns. It has smooth lines and bird and animal patterns. The essence of its technology and the beauty of its form are very prominent among the lacquerware unearthed in the same period. It is a rare boutique among the early lacquerware in China.

San Lian Gu Yan Gu is a kind of cooking utensil used by the ancients to cook food. The lower part of the Gu is Li, which is a water container with fat bag feet. The triptych of Fuhao tomb is huge and magnificent. It is a giant bronze ware of yin and Shang dynasties that has never seen before.

3. Furniture in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period takes simple, romantic and magical patterns as the theme, and Chu style lacquer wood furniture as the typical representative. The main source is all kinds of lacquer tables, lacquer cases and Chu style small seat screens.

What you can see here is a small screen with opencut color paint. Both ends of its base touch the ground and hang like a bridge in the middle. The screen above is carved with 55 animal images such as Phoenix, bird, deer, frog and snake, fighting with each other. This screen is based on black paint and painted with feathers and various patterns with Zhu, gray edge, gold and silver, and the outer frame is painted with deformed phoenix patterns, It is an exquisite craft combining Xiu paint and wood carving. It is also an isolated product in China.

Copper Zu, which is an important ritual instrument, is used for cutting meat in ancient times. It is similar to a small table. The plane is rectangular, and the lower part is concave into a saddle shape. Its four legs are wide and flat and tilted outward, so it is relatively stable and easy to contain and cut animal meat.

4. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, China's feudal society entered the first heyday. During the whole period, furniture technology has made great progress, and various jade, bamboo and ceramic furniture have formed a complete combination of furniture series for floor living, which is a representative period of low-rise furniture in China.

  这边所看到的是双层九子漆奁lian，它分为上下两层，上层可放手套，丝巾等物件，下层装有9个用来盛放白粉，油彩，胭脂，假发，粉扑，梳等物件的子盒，而外边是用油彩所绘制而成的云纹。
  这边的是高低两用的一件漆几，结构新颖并配有一高一矮两套足，高的适合跪立扶持，矮足适合盘坐或跪坐。
  石塌，塌面平滑，底部为四矮足，呈托脚牙子造型，其造型方正，合乎古代尺寸甚为难得。
 5.三国两晋，在中国古代家具发展史上是一个重要的过渡时期，为承前启后的阶段，这时期高型家具从少数民族地区传入，与中原家具融合，渐高家具开始渐露头角。
  这件彩绘漆盘内底绘有“季札挂剑图”装饰漆画，漆盘周围及内壁纹饰一周绘以童戏鱼鹭莲花纹，这件绘满装饰的漆盘，充分反映了三国时期绘画的水平。
 这张图片是顾恺之的《女史箴zhen图》上边画的是围屏架子床，床座较高，为典型的“壶门托泥式”，即床足间做出壶门洞，下施托泥，床上设屏，由12扇大小相同的屏板合图而成，床上设帐，帐架直接插于床座，床帐和床体合而为一，应是“架子床”的最早实例。
  唐代是我国封建社会鼎盛时期，家具制作加入了外来文化，进入到一个新的历史阶段，唐代家具在工艺制作上和装饰上追求清新自由的格调，从而使得唐代家具制作的风格，摆脱了以前的古拙特色，取而代之是华丽润妍，丰满端庄的风格。
  三彩钱柜，仿漆木器，柜是长方形，表面装饰的是宝相花和六瓣花，四壁是兽面，前面有环钮一对可以穿锁，盖面有枚钱孔，在不同部位有红，黄，黑，白几种颜色，将木铜的质感都表现得非常非常充分。

What you can see here is a double-layer nine child lacquer toilet Lian, which is divided into upper and lower layers. The upper layer can put gloves, silk scarves and other objects, and the lower layer is equipped with nine sub boxes for white powder, oil paint, rouge, wig, powder puff, comb and other objects, while the outside is a cloud pattern drawn with oil paint.

Here is a high-low dual-purpose paint table with novel structure and two sets of feet, one high and one low. The high one is suitable for kneeling support, and the low one is suitable for cross sitting or kneeling.

The stone collapses, the collapse surface is smooth, and the bottom is four short feet in the shape of supporting foot teeth. Its shape is square and in line with the ancient size, which is very rare.

5. The Three Kingdoms and two Jin Dynasties are an important transitional period in the history of the development of ancient Chinese furniture. It is a stage connecting the past and the future. During this period, high-profile furniture was introduced from ethnic minority areas and integrated with Central Plains furniture. Gradually high-profile furniture began to emerge.

The inner bottom of this painted lacquer plate is painted with decorative lacquer painting of "Jizha hanging sword". The patterns around and on the inner wall of the lacquer plate are painted with children playing with fish, heron and lotus flowers. This painted lacquer plate fully reflects the level of painting in the Three Kingdoms period.

This picture is Gu Kaizhi's painting of women's history and proverbs. On the top is a screen framed bed with a high bed base, which is a typical "pot door supporting mud type", that is, a pot door hole is made between the feet of the bed, the mud is supported under the bed, and a screen is set on the bed. It is composed of 12 screens of the same size. There is an account on the bed, the account frame is directly inserted into the bed base, and the bed account and the bed body are integrated into one. It should be the earliest example of "shelf bed".

The Tang Dynasty is the heyday of China's feudal society. Furniture production has joined foreign culture and entered a new historical stage. Furniture in the Tang Dynasty pursues a fresh and free style in craft production and decoration, which makes the style of furniture production in the Tang Dynasty get rid of the previous ancient and clumsy characteristics and replace it with a gorgeous, plump and dignified style.

The three color cash cabinet is made of lacquered wood. The cabinet is rectangular. The surface is decorated with Baoxiang flowers and six petal flowers. The four walls are animal faces. There are a pair of ring buttons in front to wear locks. There are money holes on the cover. There are red, yellow, black and white colors in different parts, which fully express the texture of wood and copper.

  这张图片是唐代杌wu凳与大食案配合使用的宴饮，奏乐场面，从这张图片可以看到唐代是以肥为美，也反映了大唐的国立鼎盛。
 7.五代时期家具工艺风格在继承唐代家具的基础上，不断向前发展，是高低家具的共存期，也是向高型家具普及的一个过渡期，家具功能的区别也越来越明显，一改大唐时家具的风格，而趋于简朴。
  花鸟纹螺钿tian黑漆经箱，经箱下设须弥座，四面皆平列壶门，内施有平脱花纹，箱上还嵌石榴花纹，顶上彖tuan形，花纹皆施以螺钿上以线雕纹理，而两侧以螺钿镌juan刻多只，多株花鸟。
 8.宋代高型家具已经普及到一般家庭，它大都是朴质的造型，很少有繁缛ru的装饰，最多在局部画龙点睛，如装饰线脚，对家具脚部加些点缀，但也缺乏雄伟的气概。
  杉木桌，此桌是高方桌形式，桌面衬面心，前后加有衬裆，横枨cheng施于两侧，在桌子的四条足内侧各钉有侍俑。
  罗汉床，为长方形床面上铺木板，下有秋叶造型的腿足，床面周围有栏杆。
 9.元代是我国蒙古族建立的封建政权，由于蒙古族崇尚武力，追求豪华的享受，反映在家具造型上，是形体厚重粗大，雕饰具有雄伟，豪放，华美的艺术风格。
  供桌：元代的硬木家具很注重雕刻，它常用厚料制成高浮雕的动植物图案，再把它嵌入预设的框架之间，刀法有力，构图饱满，有强烈的动感。
  而这件黄花梨独板供桌，案面是用宽厚的独板大料，俗话“一块玉”，桌腿托泥呈“S”型曲线，由独木挖出，而元代是蒙古人在马背上打下的天下，所以在部分用具上体现马蹄足。
 10.明式家具是中国古典家具发展史上的辉煌时期，明式家具的特点是简单，大方，舒适，因为明朝时期的皇帝是朱元璋，他的理念是勤俭节约而这一时期的家具制作还掺入了一些文人雅士的思想理念，在采用各种从东南亚引进的大批珍贵“硬木”也就是俗称的红木上很少上漆都是采用木头本身的颜色和纹理，也反映了人们对家具的一种审美趣味。
 11.清朝时期是满人统治的封建政权，等级制度由为严格，清式家具的特点是注重雕刻，雍容华贵，而这个时期的家具风格着重于苏式，京式和广式为主。
  广式家具：因为广州是处于港口，沿海地带，所以在是用制作家具的材料上比较充裕，这边的家具都比较粗壮结实，装饰花纹雕刻深峻，刀法圆熟，磨工精细。
  苏式家具：造型优美，线条流畅，注重装饰，又处处提现节俭意识，由于硬质材料的来之不易，工匠往往惜木如金，在制作家具前，都反复观察，精打细算，尽可能把木质纹理整洁美丽的部位用在表面。
  京式家具：一般以清宫造办处所制家具为主，主要以纹饰上看工匠们从皇家收藏的物件上吸取素材，巧妙的装饰在家具上（如：龙纹，凤纹，兽面纹，雷纹，云纹等）

 12.民国：从清末到民国，中国社会经历了暴风骤雨的洗礼，这种历史巨变也深深的影响到中国古代家具行业。
  中国传统家具工艺精湛zhan，不轻易装饰，但又耐人寻味，自受到西方家具的影响，家具日益追求装饰雕刻，迅速“洋化”起来，既是地道的中国制造的“西式家具”，也是洋气十足的中国家具。
  2这边用二十几个小泥人展示了当时木匠工作的场景，在早以前，不管进哪个行业都得先从学做起，只有资历好的学徒才会有师傅专门指导，所以看到这边茅草屋里就是拜师的场景，而木匠的传奇人物是鲁班，所以当时木匠拜的祖师爷大都是他，接下来看到的就是伐木，木材伐好之后，锯成自己所需要的木段，木匠为了让家居既美观又坚实，所以在木头上打眼开木集的工作场景，榫卯mao做好之后拼合，这样一件家具基本形成。
  出来之后，咱们抬头可以看到门扁上有“涵泉”二字，“涵”有两层意思，一层是有，一层是涵养，“泉”为水，而人们示水为财，合起来就是有财的意思。
  而在门的两边有一对石狮子，在以前它是用来辟邪的，摸不同的部位有不同的寓意，摸摸狮子头，事事不用愁，摸摸狮子嘴，夫妻二人不吵嘴，摸摸狮子背，好活一辈子，摸摸狮子脚，走边天涯和海角，摸摸狮子尾，做事不后悔，从头摸到尾，一生保平安。

This picture is the banquet and music scene of the Tang Dynasty Wu stool combined with the big food case. From this picture, we can see that the Tang Dynasty is fat for beauty, which also reflects the national prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.

7. On the basis of inheriting the furniture of the Tang Dynasty, the furniture craft style of the five dynasties developed continuously. It is not only the coexistence period of high and low furniture, but also a transition period to the popularization of high-type furniture. The difference of furniture functions is becoming more and more obvious. It changes the style of furniture in the Tang Dynasty and tends to be simple.

Flower and bird pattern mother of pearl black lacquer Sutra box. There is xumizuo under the Sutra box. The four sides are lined with pot doors, with flat off patterns inside. The box is also embedded with pomegranate patterns, and the top is in the shape of jutuan. The patterns are all carved with thread on mother of pearl, while on both sides are engraved with several flowers and birds.

8. The high-rise furniture of Song Dynasty has been popularized to ordinary families. Most of them are simple shapes, with little red tape Ru of decoration. At most, they make the finishing point in some parts, such as decorative moldings, and add some ornaments to the feet of furniture, but they also lack majestic spirit.

The Chinese fir table is in the form of a high square table. The surface of the table is lined with a center, and a lined crotch is added in the front and back. The horizontal Cheng is applied on both sides, and the terracotta figures are nailed on the inner sides of the four feet of the table.

Luohan bed is a rectangular bed with wooden boards on the top and autumn leaf shaped legs and feet under it. There are railings around the bed.

9. The Yuan Dynasty was a feudal regime established by the Mongols in China. Because the Mongols advocated force and pursued luxurious enjoyment, it was reflected in the shape of furniture. It was thick and thick, and the carving had a majestic, bold and gorgeous artistic style.

Table offering: hardwood furniture in the Yuan Dynasty pays great attention to carving. It is often made of thick materials into high relief animal and plant patterns, and then embedded into the preset frame. The knife technique is powerful, the composition is full, and there is a strong sense of motion.

This Huanghua pear single board table is made of thick single board material. As the saying goes, "a piece of jade". The mud on the table legs is an "s" curve, which is dug out by a single wood. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols laid the world on the horse's back, so horse hooves and feet are reflected in some utensils.

10. Ming style furniture is a glorious period in the development history of Chinese classical furniture. Ming style furniture is characterized by simplicity, generosity and comfort, because the emperor of the Ming Dynasty was Zhu Yuanzhang, whose idea is diligence and thrift, and the furniture production of this period was also mixed with the ideas of some literati and refined scholars, A large number of precious "hardwoods" introduced from Southeast Asia, commonly known as mahogany, are rarely painted. They all use the color and texture of the wood itself, which also reflects people's aesthetic interest in furniture.

11. The Qing Dynasty was a feudal regime ruled by the Manchu people, and the hierarchical system was strict. The Qing style furniture was characterized by paying attention to carving and elegance, while the furniture style of this period focused on the Soviet style, Beijing style and Guangzhou style.

Canton style furniture: because Guangzhou is located in the port and coastal area, there are abundant materials for making furniture. The furniture here is strong and strong, with deep decorative patterns, mature knife technique and fine grinding.

Soviet style furniture: it has beautiful shape, smooth lines, pays attention to decoration and shows the sense of frugality everywhere. Due to the hard won materials, craftsmen often cherish wood like gold. Before making furniture, they observe repeatedly and calculate carefully, and use the clean and beautiful parts of wood texture on the surface as much as possible.

Beijing style furniture: it is generally made in the Qing palace, mainly in terms of patterns. Craftsmen draw materials from the objects collected by the royal family and skillfully decorate the furniture (such as dragon pattern, phoenix pattern, animal face pattern, thunder pattern, cloud pattern, etc.)

12. The Republic of China: from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Chinese society experienced the baptism of storms. This historical upheaval also deeply affected China's ancient furniture industry.

Chinese traditional furniture has exquisite craftsmanship and is not easy to decorate, but it is thought-provoking. Under the influence of western furniture, furniture increasingly pursues decorative carving and quickly "westernizes". It is not only a genuine "western style furniture" made in China, but also a Chinese furniture full of foreign style.

2 here, more than 20 small clay figurines are used to show the scene of carpenter's work at that time. Long ago, no matter what industry you entered, you had to start with learning. Only qualified apprentices would have special guidance from the master. Therefore, you can see that the thatched house here is the scene of worshipping the master, and the legendary figure of the carpenter is Luban, so most of the ancestors worshipped by the carpenter at that time were him, The next thing we see is logging. After cutting the wood, we saw it into the wood segments we need. In order to make the home beautiful and solid, the carpenter drilled holes in the wood and opened the wood set. After the mortise and tenon mao are done, we can put it together. Such a piece of furniture is basically formed.

After coming out, we can look up and see the word "Han Quan" on the door. The word "Han" has two meanings, one is to have, the other is to conserve. "Quan" is water, and people show that water is wealth. Together, it means wealth.

There is a pair of stone lions on both sides of the door. In the past, it was used to ward off evil spirits. Touching different parts has different meanings. Touch the lion's head, don't worry about everything, touch the lion's mouth, husband and wife don't quarrel, touch the lion's back, live a lifetime, touch the lion's feet, walk along the ends of the earth and Cape, touch the lion's tail, don't regret doing things, touch the lion's Tail from head to tail, and keep safe all your life.

百川通第二院

  而这二间门的修建呢，有两种说法，一来挡沙，二来挡煞，从科学上讲究，这样的修建可以减弱风力，阻挡沙石，从风水上说，财走曲，邪走直，这样修建用于挡煞。
  3进来之后看到的这边是票号时期所保留下来的地下金库，而为了方便参观，在这个位置开了一个口子，可以看到金库的陈设，各位可以看一下，在金库的出口处摆了三个大元宝，是招财进宝的意思，早以前很多人将自己的金银存在地底下，这样存放的原因一来是为了安全，二来是为了聚财，地底下人们称为土，而五行八卦中土可以生金，而三是乾卦洞上说地势坤，君子以厚德载物，寓意人们要像大地那样气势宽厚和顺，把一切可以接纳，包容的东西都吸进来。而这也木栅栏栅起来的就是金库原先的出处口。早以前人们都是从这个位置把资金存进去的。（下面的元宝是模型，钱是人们自己存的，各位感兴趣的话也可以存一下，沾沾财气），早以前为了防止人们发现金库，上面盖上木板，用暗锁把它锁起来，堆盖上杂物，起掩人耳目的作用，接着可以看一下墙角的这个大箱子，在当时用于存放流动资金，打开之后可以看到在箱子两侧设有暗抽屉，下边还设有夹层，取层，层切格之意，并且可以留意一下在这也设有暗锁，而它的钥匙是作成两瓣的，大掌柜，二掌柜，一人各一瓣，只有两个人将钥匙合在一起时才能打开，也是让他们起一种互相监督的作用，并且当时人做家具是很少用钉子的，各位可以通过这个箱子近距离看一下，它都是采用榫卯结构拼合，并且在这边墙体可以看到部分榫sun卯的图样和模型。凸出来的称为榫头，凹进去的称为卯眼，它既美观又结实，最早始于河姆渡时期，7000多年以前，是比汉字更早的一种手工智慧。它多用于建筑和家具上。
    榫卯结构本身也具有一种力学美感，从另一个哲学意义上说，也反映了人与人之间的互为观照和承托的和谐关系。

There are two theories about the construction of these two doors, one is to block sand and the other is to block evil spirits. From the scientific point of view, such construction can weaken the wind force and block sand and stone. From the perspective of Feng Shui, wealth goes crooked and evil goes straight. Such construction is used to block evil spirits.

3. After entering, you will see the underground vault preserved during the ticket number period. In order to facilitate the visit, a hole is opened in this position to see the display of the vault. You can have a look. There are three big ingots at the exit of the vault, which means to attract money and treasure. Many people stored their gold and silver underground long ago, The reason for this storage is to be safe. Secondly, it is to gather wealth. People underground are called Earth, and the earth in the five elements and eight trigrams can produce gold. Thirdly, the qiangua cave says that the terrain is Kun, and the gentleman carries things with virtue, which means that people should be as generous and gentle as the earth and absorb everything that can be accepted and contained. This is also the original source of the Treasury. People used to deposit money from this position long ago. (the following ingot is a model, and the money is saved by people themselves. If you are interested, you can also save it for a while. It is stained with wealth). Long ago, in order to prevent people from discovering the vault, it was covered with wood, locked with a secret lock, and covered with sundries to hide people's eyes and ears. Next, you can take a look at the large box in the corner, which was used to store working capital at that time, After opening, you can see that there are dark drawers on both sides of the box, and there are also interlayer, layer taking and layer chequering at the bottom. You can notice that there is also a secret lock here, and its key is made into two pieces, one for the big shopkeeper, two shopkeepers and one for each person. It can be opened only when two people lock the key together, which also allows them to play a role of mutual supervision, At that time, people seldom used nails to make furniture. You can have a close look through this box. It is assembled with tenon and mortise structure, and you can see some patterns and models of tenon and mortise sun mortise on the wall here. The protruding is called tenon and the concave is called mortise. It is both beautiful and solid. It first began in Hemudu period. More than 7000 years ago, it is a kind of manual wisdom earlier than Chinese characters. It is mostly used in architecture and furniture.

Mortise and tenon structure itself also has a kind of mechanical beauty. In another philosophical sense, it also reflects the harmonious relationship between people.

 4  帐房

早以前是用来记账的，相当于我们现在说的财务科，而进来以后呢咱们可以看到这边呢陈设有一些家俬，在左侧展台上可以看到这边的这个凳子叫小姐椅，也叫玫瑰椅，早以前是专供女子坐的，它没有扶手，椅背椅面比较低，因为当时讲究比较多，女子坐凳子要求只坐椅面的三分之一，坐上去以后双膝并拢，将双手轻轻搭在上面，表现的是一种端庄大方，讲究的是坐直坐姿，站有站相。右边看到的是一把交椅，它从侧面看呢，像现在的文字“交”交通的交，可以折叠，而且携带比较方便，在早以前一般是皇家，富商郊游时所带，这个椅子也有一个说辞，就是龙头老大所坐的第一把交椅，也是用来显现这椅子的独一无二，而且可以看到椅面是藤条编织而成，比较舒服，椅背还镂空雕有麒麟的图案，祥瑞。早以前这类椅子也有两个别称，扶椅，扶札马札似的。It used to be used for bookkeeping, which is equivalent to what we call the finance department now. When we come in, we can see that Chen has some furniture here. On the left booth, we can see that the stool here is called Miss chair, also known as rose chair. It was used exclusively for women. It has no armrest, and the back and face of the chair are relatively low, because there was much attention at that time, Women are required to sit on a stool only one-third of the surface of the chair. After sitting on it, their knees are close together and their hands are gently put on it. It shows a dignified and generous manner. What they pay attention to is sitting straight and standing. What you see on the right is a chair. From the side, it looks like the current word "Jiao" traffic. It can be folded and easy to carry. In the past, it was usually brought by the Royal and wealthy businessmen on an outing. This chair also has a saying that the first chair sitting by the leader is also used to show the uniqueness of this chair, Moreover, it can be seen that the chair surface is woven with rattan, which is more comfortable. The back of the chair is also hollowed out and carved with the pattern of Kirin, which is auspicious. Long ago, this kind of chair also had two nicknames, armchair and Maza.
  而这也可以看到的是早以前的食盒，帽盒之类的物件。
  接着各位可以看一下里边的屋子，在右边靠窗户的这个位置可以看到是帐房先生使用过的帐桌，它的材质为花梨木，可以留意一下它的底部呢是由不规则的一些物件来连接，它呢一来是为了加固帐桌的稳固，二来呢，在当时帐房先生由于每天有很多的工作，有很多的帐务需要记载，在当时来说，这样的设计就是让帐房先生的脚可以放在上边，像到了我们这边来说，北方四季比较特别，冬天的时候天气非常冷，所以呢，他的脚可以踩在上面，起到隔潮的作用，这种设计也可以体现早以前的人性化。
  接着您可以看一下左边靠墙的所陈设的这个高脚条几，它的材质是铁梨木的，铁梨木木质比较坚硬，成材之后树干比较高大，所以做出来的家具都是大件的，而且又因为这种木质的油脂性含油量，非常的高，高达百分之七十四，所以它使用的时间越长反而是越乌黑发亮的。
  5帐房出来之后呢可以看到院子里，摆放有水缸，这个物件我们称为门海，寓意呢是门前有大海，天天发大财的意思。并且这个建筑是在清朝咸丰年间修建的保存到现在有一百六十多年，在这边咱们可以留意一下，建筑上面两侧的嵌板上面的鹊桥雕刻都是原先保留下来的，这个房子在修建的时候财东选用料非常精细，各位可以抬头留意一下“百川江海”它的牌匾上边也有一排的圆柱子，这个物件在建筑学称为椽chuan子，当时东家选这些材料花了大心思，它是拿铁圈将木材一根一根套出来，所以呢，它们粗细基本上都差不多，而且晋商每天跟钱来打交道，所以让工匠在椽chuan子的面上专门彩绘有铜钱，各位可以细细留意一下，每个铜钱里可以看到四个字，写着一到十的吉祥术语。上边有一本万利，二人同心，三元吉地，四季平安，五谷丰登，六合同春，七子团圆，八仙上寿，九世同居，十全富贵，一到十的数字是票号里边要用的，而吉祥术语反映的是人们对美好生活的向往，接着咱们往下看，可以看到百川江海这块牌匾，百川江海的寓意呢就是百川通大海，财源滚滚来的意思。我们看一下上联“障百川而东之九府流泉资到来”而上联着重讲的就是九府，是以前掌管财务的九种官员，是希望以他们为首的势力都将资金存到百川通，而下联“是通国所宝也三官开准是经论”它着重讲的是三官，这家票号的财东渠源浈的大儿子渠本翘在当时是一位三品官，是希望以他为首的势力都到百川通来探讨金融之道。

And this can also be seen is the early food box, hat box and other objects.

Next, you can take a look at the room inside. On the right side, near the window, you can see the account table used by the accountant. Its material is rosewood. You can notice that its bottom is connected by some irregular objects. Firstly, it is to strengthen the stability of the account table. Secondly, at that time, the accountant had a lot of work every day, There are many accounts that need to be recorded. At that time, this design is to let the accountant's feet be placed on it. For example, on our side, the four seasons in the north are special, and the weather is very cold in winter. Therefore, his feet can step on it to keep away the tide. This design can also reflect the humanization of the past.

Then you can take a look at the high foot table displayed on the left wall. It is made of iron pear wood. The wood of iron pear wood is relatively hard. After being finished, the trunk is relatively tall, so the furniture is made of large pieces. Moreover, because the oil content of this wood is very high, up to 74%, Therefore, the longer it is used, the darker and brighter it is.

After the tent came out, you can see that there are water tanks in the yard. This object is called the door sea, which means there is a sea in front of the door and making a lot of money every day. Moreover, the building was built during the Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty and has been preserved for more than 160 years. Here, we can note that the magpie bridge carvings on the panels on both sides of the building were originally preserved. When the house was built, Caidong chose very fine materials, You can look up and notice that there is also a row of columns on the plaque of "rivers and seas". This object is called rafter chuanzi in architecture. At that time, the owner spent a lot of effort in selecting these materials. It is a latte ring that sets out the wood one by one. Therefore, their thickness is basically the same, and Shanxi Merchants deal with money every day, So let the craftsmen specially paint copper coins on the surface of chuanzi rafters. You can pay close attention to them. In each copper coin, you can see four words with auspicious terms of one to ten. Above, there is a Book of ten thousand profits, two people are united, three yuan auspicious land, four seasons of peace, bumper grain, six contract spring, seven children's reunion, eight immortals on the birthday, nine generations of cohabitation, perfect wealth, the number from one to ten is used in the ticket number, and the auspicious term reflects people's yearning for a better life. Then we can see the plaque of rivers and seas, The moral of rivers and seas is that rivers and seas are connected to the sea, and money is rolling in. Let's take a look at the upper couplet, which focuses on the nine governments, the nine officials who used to be in charge of finance, hoping that the forces led by them would deposit their funds in baichuantong, while the lower couplet, which focuses on the three officials, is "the treasure of the whole country and the opening of the three officials is the theory of scriptures", Qu benqiao, the eldest son of Caidong quyuanzhen of this ticket company, was a third grade official at that time. He hoped that the forces led by him would come to baichuantong to explore the way of finance.

 6 接着咱们各位往里走，在清朝时期票号的开办给很多人提供了方便，客户出门时候他不需要携带大量的资金了，因为只需要将这些钱存到票号，带汇票到目的地，既安全又省事，但是普通的客户呢是那边的营业大厅来接待的，而富商，官员的大客户就会把他们请到这里来了，贵宾厅咱们说的银行的VIP室，而且要体现客户的身份和地位所以呢，各位可以看到在这边专门陈设了红木的桌子，凳子，这边这一套呢，材质是酸枝的。在这也可以看到，它上面采用了镂空雕刻，足有浮雕的雕刻手法，而雕刻出来的图案为如意灵芝，代表长命富贵之意。当时大客户来了都可以请到这里来的，而且又因为清朝时期的客户有吸烟，或者吸大烟的习惯，所以在里边这屋专门给这些客户准备了烟房，用来接待的就是吸烟的人群了。它是用这些场所和设施提供给客户，让他的客户在这里享受超越等级的待遇。并且呢各位可以留意一下，在里屋展台上所陈设的这张罗汉床，它有延年益寿榻之称，因为在清朝时期大烟有福寿膏的意思。在这里呢还可以留意一下床腿的雕刻呢是虎爪造型的，因为清朝时期的等级制度非常严格，而虎爪类的物体只有四品以上的官员才可以使用。它是用这些体现大客户们的身份还有地位。接着各位还可以留意一，在罗汉床西侧陈设有一对博古架，它的质地是红木的京式家具。而清朝家具比较注重雕刻，它采用的是雕，嵌，绘等手法。表示比较含蓄。可以说有图必有意，有意必吉祥。所以在上边它采用的是透雕，浮雕两种手法 ，而上边雕刻的是牡丹和花，瓶子，即富贵和平之意。牡丹，蝴蝶皆报富贵之意，接着您各位可以看一下在靠墙的一对半圆桌，它呢称为合桌，寓意合作的谐义，但是在票号来说还有一种寓意，因为每年到了年底，财东要将所以分行掌柜召集起来对帐，帐目合对好了，将圆桌合在一起，所有掌柜的坐在一起吃顿饭。代表恭庆圆满的意思。但是因为票号全权交给掌柜的来负责，所以财东对他们有一种要求，如果连续三年没有给票号带来过大收益，那么第四年就要进行淘汰了，但是古人表达的非常含蓄，他们不是大白话，而是用年底吃饭上的最后一道菜“鱼”来表示。如果这年年底吃饭最后一道菜上鱼那么表达的有一位掌柜的将会被炒鱿鱼了，但是这些掌柜的都是聘请当地的一些知名人士。或者能人提拔上来的，对为了体现出对他们的一种尊重当时都是看鱼头，也就是鱼头朝着谁，谁意味着这几年业绩做的不好，需要吃完饭后收拾东西走人了，做到心知肚明，比较含蓄的表达。相当于咱们现在的说法来尾淘汰，或者说他被炒鱿鱼了。而在外地咱们可以看到这边展台它陈设为书房的样子，因为当时很多人是崇文卯武的，在这也可以看到陈设的屏风就是平遥的一宝推光漆。两边还有一对檀tan木的书架。在这边可以看一下清朝时期的家具比较注重雕刻，这对书架呢在当时是皇家人员使用过的，体现的地方就是抽屉这个部位，咱们可以看到用浮雕的手法雕刻出来龙的图案，在当时封建时期龙是皇家专用，“帝德”“天感”的标志，而且它也是一种最高的祥瑞，神武和力量的象征。

Then let's go inside. During the Qing Dynasty, the opening of ticket numbers provided convenience for many people. When customers go out, they don't need to carry a lot of money, because they only need to deposit the money in the ticket number and take the bill to the destination, which is safe and easy. However, ordinary customers are received in the business hall over there, and rich businessmen, Officials' big customers will invite them here. The VIP Hall is what we call the VIP room of the bank, and it should reflect the identity and status of customers. Therefore, you can see that mahogany tables and stools are specially displayed here. This set here is made of sour branches. It can also be seen here that it adopts hollow carving with relief carving technique, and the carved pattern is Ruyi Ganoderma lucidum, which represents the meaning of long life and wealth. At that time, big customers could come here when they came. Moreover, because customers in the Qing Dynasty had the habit of smoking or smoking a lot of cigarettes, a smoking room was specially prepared for these customers in this house to receive smokers. It uses these places and facilities to provide customers with superior treatment. In addition, you can pay attention to this arhat bed displayed on the booth in the inner room. It is known as a longevity couch, because in the Qing Dynasty, big smoke meant longevity cream. Here, you can also notice that the carving of bed legs is tiger claw, because the hierarchical system in the Qing Dynasty was very strict, and only officials with more than four grades of tiger claws can use them. It uses these to reflect the identity and status of key customers. Then you can also notice that there is a pair of Bogu shelves on the west side of Luohan bed, which is made of rosewood Beijing style furniture. The Qing Dynasty furniture pays more attention to carving, which adopts carving, embedding, painting and other techniques. It means more implicit. It can be said that there must be intention and intention must be auspicious. Therefore, in the upper part, it adopts two techniques of openwork and relief, while the upper part is carved with peonies, flowers and bottles, that is, the meaning of wealth and peace. Peony and butterfly all report the meaning of wealth and honor. Then you can take a look at the one-and-a-half round table near the wall. It is called the table together, which means the harmony of cooperation. But there is also a moral in the ticket number, because at the end of each year, the financial East will convene all the branch managers to reconcile the accounts. When the accounts are reconciled, put the round table together, and all the managers will sit together for dinner. It means to celebrate the perfection. However, because the ticket number is entirely in the charge of the shopkeeper, Caidong has a requirement for them. If the ticket number has not brought too much profit for three consecutive years, it will be eliminated in the fourth year. However, the ancients expressed it very implicitly. They are not in vernacular, but expressed it with the last dish "fish" at the end of the year. If fish is served on the last course of dinner at the end of this year, one shopkeeper will be fired, but these shopkeepers are hiring some local celebrities. In order to show respect for them, they all looked at the fish's head, that is, who the fish's head was facing, who meant that their performance had not been done well in recent years. They needed to pack up after dinner and leave, so as to be aware of it and express it more implicitly. It's equivalent to our current saying that he was eliminated, or he was fired. In other places, we can see that the booth here is decorated as a study, because many people were Chongwen maowu at that time. Here, we can also see that the screen is a treasure push light paint in Pingyao. There are also a pair of sandalwood bookshelves on both sides. Here, we can see that the furniture in the Qing Dynasty paid more attention to carving. This pair of bookshelves were used by Royal personnel at that time, which is reflected in the drawer. We can see the pattern of dragon carved by relief. In the feudal period, the dragon was a special symbol of "imperial virtue" and "sense of heaven", and it was also the highest auspicious omen, A symbol of divine force and power.

Baichuantong Third Hospital

百川通第三院

  7出来以后咱们接着往后院走，前院呢，在当时期是用来办公的，后院是生活区，是票号里伙计掌柜的生活起居的地方，接着咱们路过的这个小过道，可以留意一下，在这边玻璃墙柜里可以看到的是一些家具缩微的样式，它们非常的华丽，也能反应清朝时期家具的风格，注重雕刻，雍容华贵的特点。
  过来以后，咱们看到的这屋是佛堂，在早以前很多人讲究的是出门先拜佛，尤其是做买卖的，在这里供奉的是自在观音，观音菩萨在百姓心中是广度万民，大慈大悲的，据专家考证这尊佛像塑于明代以前，她保留了佛教最早的塑造风格，男儿身，女儿相，衣着打扮皆为印度风格，而且这尊佛像是祁县渠家最早供奉，已有5000多年的历史，而供奉在此也有160多年了，是渠家长辈携带儿子小投巨资，在这边所开设票号时将祖辈供奉的菩萨也带到了这里，不久，百川通票号的实际财力就超过平遥别家，成为当时的八大票号之一，而且是最早使用电汇的晋商，也可以这样说，渠家几十代人的奋斗和成功，离不开这座观世音菩萨的保佑和灵气。
  更让人惊奇的是，七十多年前在1938年，农历正月十四早上，当时设在这里的永享银号大掌柜史承镛yong听说日军当日要攻打平遥城，急忙带着几十号伙计到这座观音菩萨前供奉跪拜，要求所有人念佛，求菩萨保佑，然后所有人都藏到了地窖里，时间不长，一颗三人才能抬得动的大炮弹落到了地窖所在的院落，万幸的是这颗炮弹没有爆炸，据有关资料介绍，不爆炸的概率仅为万分之一，不知各位有何感想？
  而在文革时期呢，老百姓在墙体上专门凿了小窖，把佛像挪到里边然后把前边用白灰抹上，佛像才得以保存，信佛的各位，也可以进里边拜一拜，沾沾灵气。
  8接着各位在院子里可以稍停留下，抬头留意，在院落周围的围板上可以看到有当时期留下的一些彩绘，它们分别绘的就是二十四孝，每一幅图都是在解说一个孝顺的故事，像闻雷泣墓哭竹生笋这些，因为当时来说，票号要培养人才，而招收伙计的要求，是只招年龄13～16岁之间的男孩子，因为年龄太小，还不能自理，但是年龄太大呢，思想非常活跃，是不好管理的，要求身高五尺，品貌端正，口齿伶俐，最重要的还得有担保人，达到这些标准以后，这边会专门派人去查他家祖上的三代，清白的才可以留在票号里当学徒工，他们的学徒期三年，包吃，包喝，包住，但是不赚年薪，在三年期内，都只干杂活，不教业务，三年期满，要进行考核，口试，脑试，珠算，楷书它必须得样样过关，达到这些标准以后才可以在票号正式当小伙计，而他可以赚取年薪十二两，这些钱在当时的消费观是可以供一家人过一年小康生活的，而且小伙计只要表现好，能力好，他的年薪也会往上涨，最高年薪涨了一百两的时候，就可以在票号里面入股了，慢慢的，也有机会升职，也是当时的一种股份制，而票号收益非常好，所以老百姓也用一句话来表达说，你家有万贯财，不如票号去当个差，所以财东为了教育和提示他们，在这边专门让工匠绘二十四孝，也是用它来教育，赚钱以后要记得孝顺的，百善孝为先。
  9接着各位往右手这屋来走，这屋在当时期是票号的家眷会客厅，因为小伙计很长时间才可以回家，但是，在这期间，他的家属可以来这探望他们，但是有一点，不可以在票号里留宿所以咱们进来可以看到它只陈设了简单的桌子还有凳子，但是呢，在这边可以看一下，门扁上有两个字，写有勤俭，它呢，其实也是提示人负，赚了钱也要勤劳，节俭，咱们这座古城保存到现在，已经有2800多年的历史了，这里面有很多明清时期的老建筑，它呢，其实也离不开当时人勤劳节俭的这种意识因为在当时，很多人出去赚钱以后，他都不会乱花的，要把这些钱都寄回给家里，而家人拿钱以后呢，就开始住房盖瓦，置办田产，所以当时在修建房子这块，选料各方面都非常精细，而这边可以看到，很多的砖木结构，从这边图片上您各位可以留意一下，早以前很多的这种木系建筑上边都不使用钉子，而工匠让它们既美观又结实的原理呢，就是直接在木头上打眼开槜zui卯原理来支撑的，而在这边桌子上面各位可以看到这个物件，是咱们后期，为了让您多位参观而专门准备的斗拱，就是支撑建筑的房檐而使用的。
   接着咱们了解一下椅凳类，在外边各位看到的这种是圈椅，早以前是专供文人雅士坐的，起源于五代时期，它最明显的特征是椅背连着扶手，从高到低，一顺而下，有天圆地方的代表，上圆下方，它以圆为主旋律，圆是和谐，象征的幸福，方是稳健，宁静，它也是明代家具最为经典制作之一。
  而在里屋呢，各位可以看一下，八仙桌两侧的这一对椅子，叫做太师椅，它呢椅背，扶手都比较高，而且椅背呢，是根据人的脊椎骨曲线设计的，坐上去非常的舒服，而这种椅子始于宋代，源于秦桧，是中国史上唯一以官御yu命名的椅子，是当时京官吴渊为了贿赂秦桧，专门让工匠制作的一种凳子，而且专门在椅背上雕刻了荷叶托着，命名为太师椅，故名思义，只有官居太师的人才有资格坐，但是，到了清朝时期，原为官家之椅的太师椅走入了寻常百姓家，不过一般都是专供长辈或者男士才可以坐的。
 10 而这个屋子在当时期它修建了一个大大的土炕，因为当时，是票号的小伙计他们住的地方，但是，各位在这里所看到的，在墙体上专门展示有一些工具，展台上还展示了一些家俬，在早以前，工匠所用的工具，它因为各种奇巧的技术活都依赖着不同的工具来解决，而两边墙体上各位看到的这些，品种，数量不是很多，而且看上去，它粗糙，土气，然而，就是用这些土糙的工具制作出了各种的精品家具，它的精细程度并不逊色于现代家具，每个工具都有自己的功能和特点，就像这边，咱们看到的锯，它也分的好多种，但是锯的由来还有一个小故事，有一次，鲁班在山上砍树时，不小心被茅草拉了一道口子，鲜血直淌，当时心里产生了一个疑问，为什么这么小的草就能割破手指？他当时想了半天也想不出道理，便把茅草带回家，左看右看，终于发现草的两边有很多小齿，当时鲁班又用茅草在手指上拉了一下，手指立刻又被拉了一道口子，于是他依照这茅草小齿的样子，找工匠打成了锯条，用来锯木，这就是锯的由来了。
  接着咱们看一下这些家俬吧，在展台上所陈设中间的这个物件称为美人榻，在早以前呢，它是专供女子午休用的，不过以前人讲究非常多，一般女子是十三上绣楼，十四学绣花，在十五六岁的时候，就开始盘头嫁人了，所以大家看到这张榻比较窄小。
 接着咱们看一下，在展台的右边有一架红木落地式的穿衣镜，这个穿衣镜它有一个历史由来，是清朝后期，渠家侄孙娶亲时，张之洞给的一门贺礼，他是当时的一位两江总督，所以民间有这样一句话，百川通的银子，张之洞的门子，也是反映的当时的官商联结，也表达了当时票号想要发展好，经营大，光有钱还行，还是得有人的，接着您各位可以看一下，这个穿衣镜的底座呀，它采用的是浮雕的手法，而雕刻出来的图案是用五条龙盘成的两个字，福字跟绿字，所以这个图案也被称为“龙庆福禄”并且各位看到穿衣镜的上边这块水银镜，是当时期保留到现在的，是人们花大价钱从荷兰进口回来的一种，它有一个特点不管站到多近多远，照镜子呀，不会把人照到变形，而且呢，还可以照到自己照到自己全身的，但是现在为了保护，把它抬高了一截，可能咱们现在照的时候照不全了。

After we came out, we went to the backyard. The front yard was used for office at that time. The backyard is the living area, which is the living place of the clerk and shopkeeper in the ticket number. Then we passed by this small aisle. You can notice that in the glass wall cabinet here, you can see some miniature styles of furniture, which are very gorgeous, It can also reflect the style of furniture in the Qing Dynasty, paying attention to carving and elegant characteristics.

After coming here, we saw this house is a Buddhist hall. Before, many people paid attention to worshiping the Buddha before going out, especially those doing business. Here, the free Guanyin was worshipped. The Guanyin Bodhisattva was broad and compassionate in the hearts of the people. According to expert research, this Buddha statue was molded before the Ming Dynasty. She retained the earliest shaping style of Buddhism, male body and female appearance, The clothes and clothes are all in Indian style, and this Buddha statue was first worshipped by the Qu family in Qixian County. It has a history of more than 5000 years, and it has been worshipped here for more than 160 years. The elders of the Qu family took their sons to invest a lot of money. When they opened the ticket number here, they also brought the Bodhisattvas worshipped by their ancestors here. Soon, the actual financial resources of the Baichuan ticket number exceeded those of other families in Pingyao, It became one of the eight major ticket banks at that time and was the first Shanxi Merchant to use telegraphic transfer. It can also be said that the struggle and success of dozens of generations of the Qu family are inseparable from the blessing and aura of this Guanyin Bodhisattva.

What's more surprising is that more than 70 years ago, on the morning of the 14th day of the first lunar month in 1938, Shi Chengyong, the big shopkeeper of Yongxiang silver, who was located here at that time, heard that the Japanese army was going to attack Pingyao City that day. He hurried to worship and kneel down in front of the Guanyin Bodhisattva with dozens of people, asked everyone to chant Buddha and ask for the blessing of the Bodhisattva, and then everyone hid in the cellar for a short time, A cannonball that can only be carried by three people fell into the courtyard where the cellar is located. Fortunately, the cannonball did not explode. According to relevant information, the probability of not exploding is only one in ten thousand. How do you feel?

During the cultural revolution, people chiseled a small cellar on the wall, moved the Buddha to the inside, and then plastered the front with white ash, so that the Buddha can be preserved. People who believe in Buddhism can also go inside to worship and touch the aura.

Then you can stop and stay in the yard and look up. You can see some colored paintings left in the current period on the coaming around the yard. They are respectively depicting twenty-four filial piety. Each picture is explaining a story of filial piety, such as smelling thunder crying at the tomb and crying at bamboo shoots, because at that time, ticket companies had to cultivate talents, and the requirements of recruiting guys, Only boys aged between 13 and 16 are recruited. Because they are too young to take care of themselves, but they are too old. They are very active and difficult to manage. They are required to be five feet tall, good-looking, articulate and, most importantly, have a guarantor. When these standards are met, special personnel will be sent here to check the three generations of their ancestors, Only innocent people can stay in the ticket number as apprentices. Their apprenticeship period is three years, including eating, drinking and living, but they don't earn annual salary. During the three-year period, they only do chores and don't teach business. At the end of the three-year period, they have to pass the examination, oral test, brain test, abacus calculation and regular script. They must pass all kinds of tests before they can officially be a boy in the ticket number, And he can earn twelve liang of annual salary. The consumption concept of this money at that time can provide a family with a well-off life for a year. Moreover, as long as the young man performs well and has good ability, his annual salary will rise. When the maximum annual salary rises by one hundred and twenty Liang, he can buy shares in the ticket number. Slowly, he also has the opportunity to be promoted, which is also a joint-stock system at that time, The income of the ticket number is very good, so the common people also use a sentence to express that your family has Wanguan wealth, so it's better to be a poor ticket number. Therefore, in order to educate and remind them, the financial East specially asks craftsmen to draw twenty-four filial piety here, which is also used to educate them. After making money, remember filial piety, and filial piety comes first.

Then you go to the house on your right. This house was the living room of the family meeting of the ticket number at that time, because the boy can go home for a long time. However, during this period, his family can come here to visit them, but for one thing, they can't stay in the ticket number, so we can see that it only has simple tables and stools, but you can have a look here, There are two words on the door, which say diligence and frugality. In fact, it also reminds people to be negative. If they make money, they should also be diligent and frugal. Our ancient city has been preserved for more than 2800 years. There are many old buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In fact, it is inseparable from the awareness of diligence and frugality at that time, because at that time, many people went out to make money, He wouldn't spend it indiscriminately. He wanted to send all the money back to his family. After the family took the money, they began to build houses and buy land. Therefore, when building the house, the selection of materials was very fine. You can see a lot of brick and wood structures here. You can pay attention to the pictures here, In the past, many wooden buildings didn't use nails, but the craftsman's principle of making them beautiful and strong is to directly drill holes and open Zui sockets on the wood. You can see this object on the table here. It is the bucket arch specially prepared for you to visit later, which is used to support the eaves of the building.

Then let's take a look at the chairs and stools. What you can see outside is an armchair. It was specially used for literati and refined scholars to sit. It originated in the Five Dynasties. Its most obvious feature is that the back of the chair is connected with the armrest. From high to low, it is represented by the sky and the circle. Below the upper circle, it is dominated by the circle. The circle is harmony and symbolizes happiness, which is steady and quiet, It is also one of the most classic furniture making in the Ming Dynasty.

In the inner room, you can have a look. The pair of chairs on both sides of the eight immortals table are called Taishi chairs. Its back and armrests are relatively high, and the back is designed according to the curve of human spine. It is very comfortable to sit. This kind of chair originated in the song Dynasty and originated from Qin Hui. It is the only chair named after Guan Yu in Chinese history, In order to bribe Qin Hui, Wu Yuan, an official of the capital at that time, specially asked craftsmen to make a stool, and carved a lotus leaf on the back of the chair to hold it. It was named as the Taishi chair, so it was named Siyi. Only those who lived in the official residence of the Taishi were qualified to sit. However, in the Qing Dynasty, the Taishi chair, which was originally an official chair, entered the homes of ordinary people, However, it is generally only for elders or men to sit.

At that time, this house built a large earth Kang, because at that time, it was the place where the guys of the ticket number lived. However, as you can see here, some tools were specially displayed on the wall, and some furniture were also displayed on the booth. In the early days, the tools used by craftsmen depended on different tools for all kinds of ingenious technical work, On the walls on both sides, you can see that there are not many varieties and quantities, and it looks rough and rustic. However, even with these rough tools, you can make all kinds of high-quality furniture. Its fineness is not inferior to that of modern furniture. Each tool has its own functions and characteristics. Just like the saw we see here, it is also divided into many kinds, But there is a little story about the origin of the saw. Once, when Lu Ban was cutting trees on the mountain, he was accidentally cut by the grass, and the blood flowed. At that time, he had a question in his heart, why can such a small grass cut his fingers? After thinking for a long time, he couldn't think out the reason, so he took the thatch home, looked left and right, and finally found that there were many small teeth on both sides of the grass. At that time, Luban pulled the thatch on his finger again, and his finger was immediately cut. Therefore, according to the appearance of the small teeth, he found a craftsman to make a saw blade for sawing wood. That's the origin of sawing.

Then let's take a look at these furniture. The object in the middle of the display on the booth is called the beauty couch. Long ago, it was specially used for women's lunch break. However, people used to pay much attention to it. Generally, women went to the embroidery building on the 13th and learned embroidery on the 14th. When they were 15 or 16 years old, they began to cross their heads to get married, so you can see that this couch is relatively narrow.

Then let's have a look. On the right side of the booth, there is a mahogany floor type dressing mirror. This dressing mirror has a historical origin. It is a congratulatory gift given by Zhang Zhidong when the nephew and grandson of the Qu family got married in the late Qing Dynasty. He was a governor of the two rivers at that time. Therefore, there is a saying among the people that the silver of baichuantong and the door of Zhang Zhidong also reflected the connection between officials and businesses at that time, At that time, it also expressed that if the ticket number wanted to develop well and operate large, it still had to be someone just because of the money. Then you can have a look at the base of this dressing mirror. It adopts the method of relief, and the carved pattern is two characters made of five dragons, the word of blessing and the word of green, Therefore, this pattern is also called "Longqing Fulu". And you can see that the mercury mirror on the top of the dressing mirror is preserved until now. It is a kind of mirror imported from the Netherlands at a high price. It has a feature that no matter how close and far you stand, looking at the mirror will not deform people, and you can also see yourself and your whole body, But now, in order to protect it, we have raised it a bit. Maybe we can't take all the photos now.

  11这边呢是主卧室，在清朝咸丰时期是掌柜的生活起居的地方，现在这里边利用空间综合展示了一些明清时期的名贵家具，通过这些高档的家俬可以反映晋商人们的一种生活，了解诚信似海，富甲天下的一种晋商风采，咱们呢可以看一下左手这屋，现在的陈设呢像女子闺房，在各种家具中价值比较高的就是闺房家具了，而这边呢可以看到展台上摆放古代镜子的是红木的梳妆台和檀木的大衣柜，它们属清末民国时期的家具风格，因为引进了外来文化所以可以看到跟咱们现在的欧式家具挺相似的，接着可以看一下，展台的右边这一张红木架子床，是清朝后期广州工匠制作，材质放大红酸枝，采用的镂空雕，浮雕，刻线，透雕等手法，而这张床还有一个非常好听的名字叫天地长春镂花罩，夔kui龙足架子床，在床脸上它镂空雕刻了连枝的葡萄，代表多子多福，还有牡丹代表富贵，而在正中间雕刻的是麒麟送子，并且在床侧的围板上透雕有如意连枝兰花，有富贵如意，生生不息之意，可以说是当时十式家具中的经典之作。接着看到展台下边摆放的这个是鸡翅木的一个琴案，鸡翅木呢它的由来是红豆木，自古红豆有表达相思之意，而唐代王维还有这样的诗句“红豆生南国，春来发几枝”其实红豆木就是鸡翅木，它是因为这种木头的纹理像鸡翅上羽毛的花纹而著称的。而这种树也可以称为相思木，自古红豆是用来表达男女之间相思的一种信物，所以用鸡翅木所做的物体大部分为闺房所用。
  接着咱们各位可以看一下，对边墙体上挂有两幅油彩画在古人呢评论女子的美与丑，选美的第一个标准先看脚，说三寸金莲，四寸银莲，五寸是铜莲，脚越小越好，在对边的墙体上各位可以找一下，上面彩绘褐红色的就是当时期女子的小脚了，三寸金莲，在当时它也是评论女子的美与丑的选美的第一个标准，并且不仅油彩画可以体现就连部分家具上也依然可以，所以各位可以看一下咱们中间，在展台的两边陈设了一对凳子这个叫做禅椅，在早以前是专供老太太所坐，以前人经常礼佛，习惯的坐法是盘腿而坐，袍子往下一盖，当时期工匠所设计这种凳子专门在两边扶手里镂空雕出了木质两个小沟，中间空着的部位就是让老太太放小脚的，盘回腿来以后小脚正好可以勾在两侧。
  接着咱们往上看，在条几的右边陈设了一个黑乎乎，像粮仓的物件，但这个可不是装粮食的，各位可以猜一下，它是干什么用的，这种物件呢是早以前人们使用的官帽盒，不过这种官大都是人花钱买的，也就是捐的官，有虚名没实权，也不收国家的体禄，它跟考的官不同之处是所戴的帽子上只有顶戴，没有后边的花翎ling，也就是有虚名没实权，所以大部分人买回来后把它供奉在家里，用来起一个光宗耀祖的采用，不过一般采用时期是清末时期了，在当时据史料记载，清朝末期政府比较腐败，所以出现了一些买官卖官的现象，在当时期也是一部分票号里的另外业务，接着各位往上看，在墙体上挂了一幅八扇屏，它是刺绣之一的堆菱花绣，堆菱花绣就是用丝绸裹上棉子，用五彩丝线从边缘挑绣而成的，它的立体感非常鲜明，在第一行都绣了一行瓶子，寓意平安，在紧左边瓶子旁呢，绣的是一把宝剑，这个代表的是武，紧右边瓶子旁边绣了一个如意,代表的是文，中间分别绣有琴，棋，书，画，而下边绣的是八仙中的人物，这么大一幅的堆菱花绣是仅此一幅的，这个是乾隆时期的作品，保存至今已经有两百多年的历史了。
  接着各位看到右手这个屋子咱们现在利用空间摆放了一些家具，用来反映的是明清，民国这三个时期的家具特点，右边靠窗户的大柜子是明朝时期的可以看到它比较简单，没有过多的雕刻，突出的是上边的几件铜器，因为反映的是明式家具简单大方舒适，这个时期皇帝是朱元璋，他的理念就是勤俭节约，所以都把它反映在了家具上了，而且在这个时期呢，人们用各种红木制作而成的家具，上边都不上漆的，因为它体现了木材本身的纹理跟色泽，也能反映当时期人们对家具的一种审美趣味，中间摆放的这对凳子叫做太师椅，它是清朝时期广州工匠制作的，材质为酸枝木，上边大面积的是大理石，而闪闪发光的呢是将贝壳打磨以后嵌到里边的，阳光照射下五彩缤纷非常漂亮，螺钿嵌工艺，而这个时期它的特点就是注重雕刻，注重雍容华贵，左边是两对龙纹柜，它是民国和民国以后的在封建时期，龙是皇家专用，一种地德天威的标志，所以呢在脱离封建政权以后，工匠可以随心所欲的雕刻龙凤，这个也是这一时期的一大特点。

Here is the master bedroom, which was the living place of the shopkeeper in Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now, it uses the space to comprehensively display some valuable furniture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Through these high-end furniture, we can reflect the life of Shanxi businessmen and understand the style of Shanxi businessmen who are honest like the sea and rich in the world. Let's take a look at the house on the left hand, We can see that the furniture in the boudoir of the Republic of China is similar to the furniture in the boudoir of the Republic of China. Now we can see that the furniture in the boudoir of the Republic of China is similar to the furniture in the boudoir of the Republic of China, Then you can take a look at the mahogany shelf bed on the right side of the booth, which was made by Guangzhou craftsmen in the late Qing Dynasty. The material is enlarged with red acid branches. The techniques of hollowing out, relief, line carving and through carving are adopted. The bed also has a very nice name, Tiandi Changchun hollowed out cover and Kui dragon foot shelf bed. On the face of the bed, it is hollowed out and carved with branched grapes, representing more children and more happiness, In addition, the peony represents wealth and honor, and in the middle is carved a Kirin to send children, and there are Ruyi Lianzhi orchids on the coaming on the side of the bed, which has the meaning of wealth and prosperity, which can be said to be a classic among the ten types of furniture at that time. Then I saw a piano case of chicken wing wood placed under the booth. The origin of chicken wing wood is red bean wood. Since ancient times, red bean has expressed the meaning of Acacia. Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty also had such a poem "red bean grows in the south, and a few branches come in spring". In fact, red bean wood is chicken wing wood, which is famous because its texture is like the pattern of feathers on chicken wings. This kind of tree can also be called acacia wood. Since ancient times, red bean is a keepsake used to express Acacia between men and women, so most objects made of chicken wing wood are used in boudoirs.

Then we can have a look. There are two oil colored paintings hanging on the opposite wall. In the ancients, the first standard for commenting on women's beauty and ugliness is to look at the feet first, saying that three inch Golden Lotus, four inch silver lotus and five inch copper lotus. The smaller the feet, the better. On the opposite wall, you can find the small feet of women at that time, three inch Golden Lotus, At that time, it was also the first standard to comment on the beauty pageant of women's beauty and ugliness, and it could be reflected not only in oil paintings, but also on some furniture. Therefore, you can take a look at the middle of us. A pair of stools were set up on both sides of the booth. This is called Zen chair, which was specially used for old ladies to sit. In the past, people used to worship Buddha, and the customary sitting method was cross legged, The robe was covered down. The stool designed by the craftsman at that time was specially hollowed out and carved two small wooden grooves in the handrails on both sides. The empty part in the middle is for the old lady to put her small feet. After turning back her legs, her small feet can be hooked on both sides.

Then let's look up. There is a dark object like a granary on the right side of the table, but this is not for food. You can guess what it is for. This object is an official hat box used by people long ago, but most of these officials are bought with money, that is, donated officials. They have a false name, no real power, and do not accept the body salary of the state, The difference between it and the examiners is that the hat is only worn on the top, without the flower plume Ling behind it, that is, it has a false name and no real power, so most people buy it back and worship it at home to honor their ancestors. However, it is generally adopted in the late Qing Dynasty. At that time, according to historical records, the government in the late Qing Dynasty was relatively corrupt, Therefore, there are some phenomena of buying and selling officials, which is also another business in some ticket numbers at that time. Then you look up and hang an eight fan screen on the wall. It is one of the embroideries. The piled Linghua embroidery is made of silk wrapped with cotton and picked from the edge with colorful silk thread. Its three-dimensional sense is very distinct. A row of bottles is embroidered on the first row, It means peace. Next to the bottle on the left, there is a sword embroidered, which represents martial arts. Next to the bottle on the right, there is a ruyi embroidered, which represents literature. The middle is embroidered with Qin, chess, books and paintings, while the bottom is embroidered with the characters of the eight immortals. This is the only one of such a large pile of Linghua embroidery. This is a work of the Qianlong period, It has been preserved for more than 200 years.

Then you can see the room on your right hand. We now use the space to place some furniture to reflect the furniture characteristics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China. The large cabinet on the right by the window is from the Ming Dynasty. You can see that it is relatively simple without too many carvings. The highlight is the several pieces of bronze above, because it reflects the simplicity, generosity and comfort of Ming style furniture, In this period, the emperor was Zhu Yuanzhang. His idea was to be diligent and thrifty, so it was reflected in the furniture. Moreover, in this period, the furniture made of all kinds of mahogany was not painted on the top, because it reflected the texture and color of the wood itself, and also reflected people's aesthetic interest in the furniture at that time, The pair of stools placed in the middle are called Taishi chairs. They were made by craftsmen in Guangzhou during the Qing Dynasty. They are made of sour wood, with a large area of marble on the top, and the glittering ones are embedded in the shells after polishing. They are colorful and beautiful under the sun. They are inlaid with mother of pearl. In this period, they are characterized by paying attention to carving and elegance, On the left are two pairs of dragon pattern cabinets, which are used exclusively by the royal family in the feudal period of the Republic of China and after the Republic of China. Therefore, after breaking away from the feudal regime, craftsmen can carve dragons and phoenixes at will, which is also a major feature of this period.

百川通侧院

  12接着咱们各位通往侧院，早以前呢是票号前期的食堂，仓库的区域，最重要的是当时期这边的门可以直接通到外边的大道，是票号里银两跟物资的押送地，这里路过的大厅呢现在利用空间展示的是一些木材的实别介绍，还有可以出售的商品，纪念品，接着咱们往外走，左边这个屋子现在利用空间展示了一些老式的牌匾，还有这个地方清朝创办的全景缩微，这边有快匾“浩封二代”是清朝光绪皇帝御赐给渠家的封号，彰的是财东渠源浈还有他大儿子渠本翘在清朝时期所做的奉献，所以上边体现了“二代”而且渠本翘在当时期还是一位集官商，绅于一体的社会活动家，最商时期官居三品，他一生中也有三大功绩被载入史册，第一个爱国保矿，在1905年他从英国列强手里抢国了山西保晋矿务公司的开采权，他是当时的第一任总经理，也就是现在的阳泉矿物局，第二改组双福火柴公司，也就是现在平遥火柴厂的前身，第三，热心办教育，捐资白银两万两，创办了第一所女子中学，也就是现在的祁县中学，在封建时期，他也是一种至高无尚的宋耀，这里边只有这块匾是与渠家挂钩，剩下的匾也是老物件，但是这个是后期收回来的陈设进来供参观使用，接着咱们看一下右边所展示的这个模型，在清朝时期票号创办的全景，刚才各位参观到的是模型正中间的这一到院，还有左边突出来的这一到小院子里两边长长的跨院建筑依然保留着，不过现在是个人的民居参观不上，在这边呢各位可以留意一下，山西的建筑风格有一大点就是房顶大都是半坡型的，山西跟陕西的一大怪屋顶半边盖，因为下雨的时候泥水都顺着屋顶留下来，老白姓说肥水不流外人田，这只是其一，其二呢因为这边低处于黄土高原上，风沙比较大，所以房子这样建筑的话外墙会非常地高可以止风沙的入侵，而且也用来防盗，还有一点就是体现当时期人们的勤劳的意识因为当时土地买的时候非常的贵而人们丈量尺寸的方法都是从房檐滴水部位这一块开始算起所以半坡型修建筑的话大部分在自己家的院子里这快地就都可以合理地利用起来而对这个屋子呢就比较简单现在陈设的是七八十年代人们使用过的平面相垇(ao)面相（ju）

Then let's go to the side yard. In the past, it was the canteen and warehouse area in the early stage of the ticket number. The most important thing is that the door here can directly lead to the Avenue outside. It is the escort place for silver and materials in the ticket number. The hall passing by here now uses the space to display the actual introduction of some wood, as well as the goods and souvenirs that can be sold, Then let's go outside. The room on the left now uses the space to display some old-fashioned plaques, as well as the panoramic miniature of the place founded in the Qing Dynasty. Here is the fast plaque "Haofeng second generation", which is the title given to the Qu family by the Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty. It shows the dedication of Caidong Qu Yuanzhen and his eldest son Qu benqiao during the Qing Dynasty, Therefore, the "second generation" is reflected above. Qu benqiao was still a social activist integrating officials, businessmen and gentry at that time. He was an official of the third grade in the most commercial period. Three great achievements in his life were recorded in history. He was the first patriot to protect mines. In 1905, he robbed the mining right of Shanxi Baojin mining company from British powers. He was the first general manager at that time, The current Yangquan Mineral Bureau reorganized Shuangfu match company, which is the predecessor of Pingyao match factory. Third, it was enthusiastic about education and donated 20000 liang of silver to establish the first women's middle school, which is now Qixian middle school. In the feudal period, he was also a supreme song Yao. Here, only this plaque is linked to the Qu family, The remaining plaques are also old objects, but this is the furnishings collected in the later stage. Come in for visit. Then let's take a look at the model on the right, the panorama of the establishment of ticket companies in the Qing Dynasty. Just now you have visited the courtyard in the middle of the model, and the long cross courtyard buildings on both sides of the small courtyard protruding on the left are still preserved, But now it's a private residence. You can't visit it here. You can notice that one of the major architectural styles of Shanxi is that the roofs are mostly half slope. A big strange roof in Shanxi and Shaanxi is half covered, because the muddy water is left along the roof when it rains. The old Bai surname said that the fat water doesn't flow into the fields of outsiders. This is just one of them, Secondly, because it is low on the Loess Plateau and the wind and sand are relatively large, the outer wall of the house will be very high, which can stop the invasion of wind and sand, and it is also used to guard against theft, Another point is to reflect people's awareness of hard work at that time, because the land was very expensive at that time, and people measured the size from the dripping part of the eaves. Therefore, most of the buildings built on the half slope can be reasonably used in their own yard, which can be quickly and reasonably used. For this house, it is relatively simple. Now the furnishings are 70 or 80 years old Plane phase (AO) and face phase (JU) used by generations